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Authors
Pan, Xiang
Chen, Xiaoxiao
Gao, Yibo
Jiang, Lupei
Hu, Haixia
Suzuki, Koya
Zhang, Yanfeng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Juntendo University, Faculty of Health and Sports Science (the Research Encouragement Program)
China Scholarship Council (202508050080)
TOBE MAKI Scholarship Foundation (25-C-901)
Juntendo University (Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine)
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People´s Republic of China (2022YFC3600204)
General Administration of Sport of China (2020 National Survey on the Status of National Fitness Activities)
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Article History
Received: 5 March 2025
Accepted: 13 October 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All research protocols were approved by the Approval Committee of the Ethical Committee of China Institute of Sport Science (CISS-2019–10-29). All investigators and subjects signed informed consent forms prior to the formal survey. All participants provided explicit informed consent to participate in this study. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
