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Article History

Received: 24 May 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 3 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. At the time the research was carried out, the university did not have a formal institutional ethics approval committee. Nevertheless, the study protocol was internally reviewed by the Head of Department of civil engineering , who determined—based on the institution’s internal guidelines—that formal ethical approval was not required.

: Participation was voluntary, and all responses were collected anonymously in accordance with ethical standards. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study prior to answering the questions, and informed consent was obtained before data collection.