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Authors
Agius, David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-1915
Mamo, Julian
Calleja, Neville https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1800-2103
Cassar, Daniel
Marku, Xeniya
Nappa, Maria Christina
Zammit, Michaela
Pace, Maria Elena
Carbonaro, Francis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7583-1955
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Malta Community Chest Fund (MCCF), coordinated by the University of Malta’s Research, Innovation and Development Trust (20190304)
Tertiary Education Scholarship Scheme
Prohealth Ltd® Malta
Class Optical®
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Article History
Received: 27 July 2025
Accepted: 13 October 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Written informed consent was obtained, and the data were pseudonymised.
: The manuscript does not have any distinguishable individual persons’ details, images or video. All data is pseudonymised and presented as a population-based cohort, and written consent has been obtained from every participant for publication.
