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Article History

Received: 17 July 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 20 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and carried out strictly in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and from their legal guardians who were aged ≤ 16 years. Data were stored and analyzed anonymously. Inclusion criteria: ①age ≤ 16 years old; ②symptoms consistent with acute infection (at least one of the following): fever, chills, abnormal white blood cell distribution count (decreased or increased);③clinical symptoms (at least one of the following): runny nose, coughing and sputum, wheezing, pharyngeal and laryngeal edema or soreness, chest tightness and chest pain, fatigue, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens were collected by qualified medical staff of the sentinel hospitals in strict accordance with the monitoring program, and case information was collected. Specimens were stored at 4 ℃ for 24 h after collection and transported to the laboratory, and specimens sent for examination for more than 24 h were stored at -70℃.

: Informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of all participants. The parents or guardians were informed of the laboratory results of pathogen detection.