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Article History

Received: 14 February 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 19 November 2025

Declarations

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: The datasets explored in the current study are not publicly available, they are from a private body scan data set collected for research purposes and managed by the Apparel Design Engineering group at the University of Manchester. The ethical approval gained in data collection mean that the data cannot be shared in its current form.

: The data used in this study was collected and analysed in accordance with the ethical protocols of the University of Manchester. All data was collected, analysed and is managed in accordance with approval of the project Database of body scanning at the University of Manchester 2014–2019 (Project Ref 14107 and Ethical approval ref 14111).

: All participants provided informed consent prior to their involvement in the study.