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Authors
Lee, Heejin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6811-6726
Lee, Jung Eun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1141-878X
Kang, Minji https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2930-4780
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea (Project No. PJ01710401)
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Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 15 October 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: KNHANES was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency for the 2007–2014 survey cycles (IRB Nos. 2007-02CON-04-P, 2008-04EXP-01-C, 2009-01CON-03–2 C, 2010-02CON-21-C, 2011-02CON-06-C, 2012-01EXP-01–2 C, 2013-07CON-03–4 C, 2013-12EXP-03–5 C). In 2015, ethical approval was waived in accordance with Article 2(1) of the Bioethics and Safety Act and Article 2(2)(1) of its Enforcement Rule, as the KNHANES is directly conducted by the government for public welfare. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, and only de-identified data were provided. For the present analyses, the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University (IRB No. E2303/002–002) waived the requirement for informed consent.
