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Authors
Filip-Hutsch, Katarzyna
Bezerra-Santos, Marcos Antonio
Ricci, Alessia
Czopowicz, Michał
Demiaszkiewicz, Aleksander W.
Balińska, Paulina
Anusz, Krzysztof
Olech, Wanda
Otranto, Domenico
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Szkola Glówna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Narodowy Fundusz Ochrony Środowiska i Gospodarki Wodnej (priority program No. 5.1.1)
Forest Fund (OR.271.3.10.2017)
NextGeneration EU-MUR PNRR Extended Partnership (PE00000007)
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Article History
Received: 2 July 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors confirm that the ethical policies of the journal have been adhered with accordance to Directive 2010/63/EU of The European Parliament and of The Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. All European bison were legally culled on the basis of permission from the General Directorate for Environmental Protection in Poland. The decision of General Directorate for Environmental Protection was implemented by the Regional Head Offices of National Forests, which supervised animals sacrifice. European bison as wild animals, were culled by professional hunters with respect to the animals welfare and safety rules, in the presence of qualified veterinary officers.No samples were obtained from live animals. All procedures were performed in accordance to the IUCN Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
