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Authors
Olivella-Gomez, Juan
Sanabria-Herrera, Natalia
Garcia-Gallo, Esteban
Duque, Sara
Luna, David
Oliveros, Henry
Morris, Andrew Conway
Rodriguez, Alejandro
Annane, Djillali
Martin-Loeches, Ignacio
Reyes, Luis Felipe
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council (MR/V006118/1)
Universidad de la sabana (MED-244-2018)
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Article History
Received: 12 June 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Declarations
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: Andrew Conway-Morris reports speaking fees from Biomerieux, Thermo-Fisher, Fischer and Paykel, and Boston Scientific; he sits on the scientific advisory board of Cambridge Infection Diagnostics.
: This study utilized the MIMIC-IV database, a high-resolution critical care archive developed by the MIT Lab for Computational Physiology. The database includes deidentified data from approximately 70,000 ICU admissions at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) between 2008 and 2019. Research use was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of BIDMC and MIT, with support from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB). As all data were anonymized, the Ethics Committee of Clínica Universidad de La Sabana (2023-08-03) and Universidad de La Sabana (Med-519) waived the requirement for informed consent and ethical approval. Further information about the database can be found elsewhere ( ).
