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Article History

Received: 21 June 2025

Accepted: 17 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted following the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Hospital and was approved for human research (approval number: 2025R058-E01). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. For participants under the chronological age of 16 (or the legal chronological age of consent in your country), informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians.

: The patients consent for publication of this study and accompanying images. Parents/guardians provided consent for publication of de-identified data and images.