Bellemare-Pepin, Antoine
Lespinasse, François
Thölke, Philipp
Harel, Yann
Mathewson, Kory
Olson, Jay A.
Bengio, Yoshua
Jerbi, Karim
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Société et Culture (274043)
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Courtois Foundation
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Canada Research Chairs (950-232368)
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (2021-03426)
Fonds de recherche du Québec – Nature et technologies (2023-RS6-309472)
Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 21 January 2026
Declarations
:
: K.W.M. is a Senior Research Scientist at Google DeepMind (GDM), but this work was conducted independently and was not part of their duties at GDM. All other authors declare no competing interests.