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Article History

Received: 4 March 2025

Accepted: 20 October 2025

First Online: 4 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All methods were carried out following ethical standards and best practices. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia, ensuring compliance with ethical research guidelines. All participants in this study were volunteers, and the data collection was conducted in a laboratory setting. Prior to participation, informed consent was obtained from all subjects or their legal guardians. After the data collection and analysis, the algorithm’s validation was conducted by a qualified physiotherapist. Informed consent was also obtained for publishing the image.