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Authors
Littlejohns, Thomas J.
Liu, Wenyu
Calvin, Catherine M.
Clifton, Lei
Collister, Jennifer A.
Kuźma, Elżbieta
Hunter, David J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Cancer Research UK (C16077/A29186)
UK Biobank
Nicolaus and Margrit Langbehn Foundation
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Article History
Received: 14 March 2025
Accepted: 20 October 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Declarations
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: UK Biobank received ethical approval from the National Health Service North West Centre for Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 11/NW/0382). All participants gave written informed consent before enrolment in the study, which was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Yes.
: The UK Biobank study received ethical approval from the North West Multi-centre Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 11/NW/03820). All participants gave written informed consent before enrolment in the study, which was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Patient and community involvement. The analyses presented here are based on existing data from the UK Biobank cohort study, and the authors were not involved in participant recruitment. No patients were asked to advise on interpretation or writing these results. Results from UK Biobank are routinely disseminated to study participants via the study website and social media outlets.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
