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Authors
Li, Yanming
Hu, Hongliang
Liu, Ziming
Zhu, Shumin
Wang, Lisha
Liu, Zining
Pang, Xintong
Geng, Yulan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Research Programme of Health Commission of Hebei Province (No. 20241385)
Key Research and Development Projects of Hebei Province (No. 18277727D)
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Article History
Received: 26 February 2025
Accepted: 20 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The survey protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics ( irba98.htm). The NCHS Research Ethics Review Board reviewed and approved NHANES, and all survey participants provided written informed consent. Therefore, no further ethical approval and informed consent were required.
: Since all NHANES data were de-identified, the study did not require the approval of the institutional board review committee or the informed consent of participants.
