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Article History

Received: 27 June 2025

Accepted: 20 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All authors have read and approved this version of the article, and due care has been taken to ensure the integrity of the work. Neither the entire paper nor any part of its content has been published or has been accepted elsewhere. It is not being submitted to any other journal. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. All research involving human participants was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and other relevant guidelines and regulations. All experimental protocols were approved by the Public Order School, People’s Public Security University of China.

: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s).

: Details: This study involved human participants through an anonymous questionnaire-based survey focused on understanding passenger perceptions and behavioral intentions in hypothetical emergency scenarios within train station environments. No personally identifiable information (e.g., names, contact details, or specific demographic identifiers beyond general descriptors like age group or gender) was collected. Participants were provided with a written statement outlining the study’s academic purpose, the anonymization of all data, and their right to withdraw at any time. Submission of the completed questionnaire constituted informed consent.