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Authors
Yoshida, Taiki
Uehara, Shintaro
Hirano, Asuka
Itoh, Shota
Otaka, Yohei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22K17579)
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Article History
Received: 4 June 2025
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: Toyota Motor Corporation collaborated in the development of the measurement system and assisted with data acquisition in Experiment 1, but had no role in study design, data analysis, interpretation, or manuscript preparation. TY, AH, and YO hold several domestic patents related to the sensor in the present study.
: This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Review Committee of Fujita Health University (approval number: HM21-029) and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964, as revised in 2013.
: Before conducting the measurements, the researchers provided the participants with an oral explanation and written materials detailing the study, including publication, and written consent was obtained from each participant prior to the experiments.
