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Authors
Olorunmoteni, Oluwatosin Eunice
Scheuermaier, Karine
Fatusi, Adesegun Olayiwola
Akande, Joan Ifeoluwa
Gómez-Olivé, Francesc Xavier
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Carnegie Corporation of New York (G-19-57145)
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Article History
Received: 15 August 2024
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted according to the ethical guidelines highlighted in the Declaration of Helsinki, including receiving full ethical approval for the study, informed consent from the parents, and informed assent from the adolescents before enrolling them in the study. Participation was voluntary and participants could withdraw at any time from the study. Ethical approvals were obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of the Witwatersrand (M210745) and the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria (IPHOAU/12/1850). We also obtained permission to conduct the study from the State Education Authority, the School Principals and the Proprietors. In-school adolescents received the information about the study at first contact in their respective schools. Thereafter, they were given an information sheet about the study and a parental consent form to be filled in by their parents at home. On the next day, we retrieved parental consent forms and then obtained assent from the adolescents whose parents consented to their participation in the study.
