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Authors
Yu, Menghan
Asif, Muhammad
Zhang, Qianru
Shahbaz, Muhammad
Ahmad, Chaudhry Saeed
Shahzad, Muhammad Farrukh
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Article History
Received: 30 August 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study is approved by the Ethical Review Board of the UE Business School, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan, under the approval no. UE/DM&AS/UEBS/2025/16.
: The Ethical Review Board confirms that all methods were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The Ethical Review Board of the UE Business School approved this study.
: All participants were clearly informed about the study’s objectives and assured of their anonymity.
