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Authors
Dai, Minhui
Tan, Yun
Fan, Yifei
Yuan, Bowen
Pan, Pinhua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Changsha (kq2403004)
Scientific Research Project Topics of the Hunan Provincial Health Commission (B202302068083)
Key R&D Program of Hunan Province (2022SK2038)
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (2023JJ30930)
Project Program of Central South University Graduate Education Teaching Reform (2022JGB025)
Research Project on Teaching Reform of Ordinary Colleges and Universities in Hunan Province (2022JGYB037)
Scientific Research Program of the FuRong Laboratory (2023SK2101)
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical clearance for this study (Certification Code 201912477) was issued by the Xiangya Hospital Central South University Research Ethics Committee, confirming the adherence to the Helsinki Declaration. Written consent documentation was obtained from all participants or their legally authorised guardians. Legal guardians provided informed consent on behalf of patients in cases where the patients were unable to provide consent themselves due to the severity of their condition (e.g., unconsciousness, impaired decision-making capacity, or critical illness). The data collection and research resource derivation from the MIMIC database were reviewed by the Institutional Review Board of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre that issued a retrospective waiver of informed consent and authorised the data sharing initiative.
