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Authors
Lee, Hyung-Tak
Kim, Jun-Yeop
Bak, Keungyonh
Kim, Kiun
Chun, Sungwoo
Hwang, Han-Jeong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea (RS-2023-00302489, RS-2023-00302489, RS-2023-00302489, RS-2023-00302489, RS-2023-00302489, RS-2023-00302489)
Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation(IITP)-ITR (IITP-2025-RS-2023-00258971, IITP-2025-RS-2023-00258971, IITP-2025-RS-2023-00258971)
Institute of Information & communications Technology Planning & Evaluation (RS-2025-02263277, RS-2025-02263277, RS-2025-02263277)
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Article History
Received: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Korea University (IRB-2024-0163). Before the experiment, participants were informed about the study objectives, procedures, and necessary precautions, after which they provided informed consent. Appropriate compensation was provided upon completion of the experiment.
