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Article History

Received: 3 July 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 26 November 2025

Declarations

:

: RL is a paid governmental consultant official for the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health. HZ has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, ScandiBio Therapeutics AB, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, LabCorp, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Oy Medix Biochemica AB, Roche, and WebMD, is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, and is a shareholder of MicThera (outside submitted work). All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Hospital District of Southwest Finland and the institutional review boards of the Helsinki University Hospital and the Finnish Medicines Agency.

: All patients’ next of kin or legal representative gave written informed assent within 4 h after hospital arrival. Consent was sought from patients when they regained consciousness.