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Authors
Ismail, Muhammad
Zhongdong, Xiao
Waheed, Abdul
Mahmood, Shahid
El-Sayed, El-Sayed M.
Alhussan, Amel Ali
Eid, Marwa M.
Khafaga, Doaa Sami
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Article History
Received: 14 July 2025
Accepted: 29 October 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: To ensure adherence to ethical principles, we obtained official written approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Business at Xian International University.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
