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Article History

Received: 14 February 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: We sought and received ethical approval to conduct the research from Makerere University School of Public Health (Reference No: SPH-2022–364) . Furthermore, administrative clearance from the Isingiro District local government’s administration, specifically from the Chief Administrative Officer’s office (dated 20th March 2023 ), for this study was obtained. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.Written informed consent from the research participants (Smallholder farmers/livestock owners) was obtained for free and voluntary participation in the study. This was after understanding the purpose and costs of the study. During the blood and vaginal swab collection, we also sought written consent for photographing the animals for potential detection of RVF and follow-up for actions in the future. These photos were only for the identification of the animals, should the vaginal swabs turn positive for RVF, for control strategies by the Isingiro District Veterinary department or MAAIF. To enhance understanding, we translated all the data collection tools and informed consent into the local language (Runyankole), which was the most spoken language in the Isingiro District. This will facilitate participants’ understanding of the entire project, enabling them to provide informed consent. We further kept the information confidential by storing identifying information (telephone numbers) in a locked cabinet, with access controlled by a coded key. The data were analysed and published in aggregate form to avoid the identification of individual participants. The data are currently stored under a key and lock for five years after publication.