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Authors
Abedin, Imon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2102-9593
Putra, Angkasa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5533-9437
Kang, Hye-Eun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3202-6120
Singh, Arunima https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6622-2245
Singh, Shailendra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6867-4907
Jung, Won-Kyo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1615-750X
Kim, Hyun-Woo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-5893
Kundu, Shantanu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5488-4433
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education (Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (RS-2021-NR060118))
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2025
Accepted: 30 October 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this study.
: Our study utilized animals provided by the Turtle Survival Alliance Foundation India (TSAFI) facility, Uttar Pradesh, India. All necessary permissions for sample collection were obtained from the Office of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Lucknow, India issued by the Environment, Forest and Climate Change Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh (Approval number 1451/23-2-12 G dated January 05 2021) and all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations approved by the TSAFI. No animals were captured or retained during the course of this study; the sampled individual was released back into the wild immediately after biological sampling. All procedures complied with the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines for the ethical use of animals in research.
