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Authors
Hashi, Abdirahman Osman
Mohd Hashim, Siti Zaiton
Mirjalili, Seyedali
Kebande, Victor R.
Al-Dhaqm, Arafat
Nasser, Maged
A Samah, Azurah Bte
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Article History
Received: 23 August 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study involved human participants who provided informed consent prior to participation. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards and regulations approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Committee of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). Participants voluntarily performed predefined hand gestures for data acquisition, and their identities were anonymized by blurring facial regions in all images. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for both participation in the study and publication of their gesture images in an online open-access format. All methods and experimental protocols were carried out following the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant institutional guidelines.
