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Authors
Pasquale, Claudio
Barberis, Fabrizio
Lagazzo, Alberto
Ceseracciu, Luca
Schiaffino, Matteo
Benedicenti, Stefano
Lo Bello, Giovanni
Beccari, Cecilia
Raiteri, Roberto
Amaroli, Andrea
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Article History
Received: 14 January 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable. According to the Italian Legislative Decree 26/2014 (implementation of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes), ethical approval is not required for studies using animal by-products obtained from slaughterhouses, as these animals were not bred or sacrificed for scientific purposes but for food production. In this study, bovine teeth were obtained from a local abattoir, where animals were slaughtered for human consumption. No live animals were used or explicitly sacrificed for this research.
