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Authors
Li, Xuelong
Yan, Sen
Liu, Shumin
Zhou, Shangtao
Chen, Chong
Liu, Xuesheng
Wang, Rui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Taishan Scholars Project Fund (tsqnz20221140)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52574258)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52204226)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2022QE243)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2024ME097)
Shandong University of Science and Technology education research “star program” general project (QX2023M04)
2023 Young Teacher Teaching Top Talent Training Program of Shandong University of Science and Technology (BJ20231207)
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Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The data of this study are derived from historical teaching performance records and are only used for the analysis of education and teaching effects. The study does not involve human subject research, sensitive personal information, or commercial interests, and meets the conditions for exemption from ethical review.
: All participants voluntarily signed the consent form before answering the questionnaire.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants and/or their legal guardians for the publication of identifying information and images in an online open-access publication. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study and the potential use of their data and images in scientific publications.
