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Authors
Song, Lelian
Zhang, Fengfeng
Ma, Kaili
Wang, Bin
Zhang, Teng
Sun, Shouyi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Zaozhuang City (2025NS43)
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Article History
Received: 12 August 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 11 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant ethical regulations. The Ethics Committee of Tengzhou Central People’s Hospital reviewed and determined that, due to the retrospective nature of the study, which involved only anonymized clinical data and did not include any identifiable or sensitive personal information, the Institutional Review Board waived the requirements for ethical approval and informed consent.
