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Article History

Received: 28 November 2024

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 10 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study is not a clinical trial and therefore does not require a clinical trial registration number. The study involves secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from the MIMIC-IV database, which complies with all relevant ethical guidelines. The use of MIMIC-IV data is authorized under the terms of the data use agreement, which includes ethics approval from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and institutional review board (IRB) approval for data collection and sharing (IRB #2001P001699).

: The study does not include individual-level data or personal information. The collection of patient information and creation of the research resource of the MIMIC dataset was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, which granted a waiver of informed consent and approved the data-sharing initiative (IRB #2001P001699).