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Authors
Tran, Xuan Minh Tri
Nguyen, Hoang Thuy Linh
Tran, Thao Vi
Alemi, Sharifullah
Seino, Kaoruko
Vo, Thang Van
Nakamura, Keiko
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japanese Society of Promotion of Science (17H02164)
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Article History
Received: 1 March 2024
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Medical School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan, and the Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Vietnam. Secondary school students were recruited from the Department of Education and Training in the Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. All subjects enrolled in the study agreed to cooperate with the investigators after the purpose of the research was explained, and written informed consent and assent were obtained from their parents/guardians and study participants.
