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Authors
Zhu, Ling
Li, Peibo
You, Chengdong
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Article History
Received: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 17 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the MIT and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center IRBs (MIMIC-IV data) and the People’s Hospital of Xiushan County Ethics Committee (Approval No. 2025XYLL005). The MIMIC-IV database provided anonymized data with waived consent, while the Chinese cohort obtained written informed consent. All procedures complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.
