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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The Ethics Committee of the Statistics Department at Debre Markos University provided ethical approval for this study. The committee granted approved of secondary data and issued a formal ethical clearance certificate (Reference No. STAT/30/6/2022). All research involving human data was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was waived by the ethics committee due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized secondary data. Patient confidentiality was maintained through the anonymization of all records and secure data storage protocols.

: This manuscript does not include any identifying images or other personal or clinical details of participants that could compromise anonymity.