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Authors
Hmood, Ali Nadm https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1146-262X
Ebaya, Maha Mohamed Ahmed https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8120-5830
El-Embaby, Abeer El-Sayed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8914-673X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mansoura University
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted entirely in vitro using commercially available dental materials. No human participants or animals were involved; therefore informed consent were not required. All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee, Faculty of dentistry, Mansoura University with reference number “A0401024CD”.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
