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Authors
Kronsteiner, Barbara
Govender, Melissa
Liu, Chang
Dijokaite-Guraliuc, Aiste
Ali, Mohammad
Hill, Jennifer
Zewdie, Martha
Cross, Andrew
Austin, James
Watts, Amyleigh
Angyal, Adrienn
Hornsby, Hailey
Abraham, Priyanka
Adele, Sandra
Moulik, Srija
Harte, Jodie
Hargreaves, Alexander
Jiwa, Yasmin
Selvaraj, Muneeswaran
Stafford, Lizzie
Jamsen, Anni
Dobson, Susan L.
Sampaio, Sofia
Halstead, Callum
Steel, Amy
Longet, Stephanie
Faustini, Sian E.
Moore, Shona C.
Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip
Wootton, Daniel G.
Thaventhiran, James E. D.
Hopkins, Susan
Hall, Victoria
Jeffery, Katie
Barnes, Eleanor
Duncan, Christopher J. A.
Payne, Rebecca P.
Richter, Alex G.
de Silva, Thushan I.
Turtle, Lance
Screaton, Gavin R.
Klenerman, Paul
Carroll, Miles
Dunachie, Susanna J.
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Science (2018-I2M-2-002)
NIHR (NIHR200907)
NIHR (NIHR300791)
MRC (MR/W020564/1)
MRC (MR/X001598/1)
Wellcome Trust (110058/Z/15/Z)
Wellcome Trust (205228/Z/16/Z)
Wellcome Trust (WT109965MA)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Medical Countermeasures Initiative (75F40120C00085)
UKRI (MR/X009297/1)
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Article History
Received: 10 June 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare the following competing interests: LT has received consulting fees from MHRA and Bavarian Nordic, and speakers’ fees from Eisai Ltd, and the Primary Care Cardiovascular society. He has received consulting fees from Astrazeneca and Synairgen paid to the University of Liverpool and support for conference attendance from AstraZeneca. TIdS has provided consultancy services to CSL Sequiris, Synairgen and Geovax which were paid to the University of Sheffield. GRS sits on the GSK Vaccines Scientific Advisory Board and is a founder member of RQ Biotechnology. CJAD has acted on behalf of Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust as an investigator on clinical trials of COVID-19 and other vaccines sponsored by Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, and Valneva, receiving no personal financial renumeration. CJAD has provided consultative advice to Synairgen, with renumeration to Newcastle University. CJAD serves on data safety and monitoring boards for non-commercial clinical trials conducted by University of Oxford, for which no renumeration is provided. EB is a member of the UK Joint Committee of Vaccines and Immunisation (JCVI). She holds patents in HBV and HCV vaccine antigens, has consulted for Vaccitech, and has conducted vaccine studies funded by Vaccitech, Astrazeneca and NeoVac. All the remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.
