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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 11 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was granted an exemption from full ethical review by the University of Southampton’s Ethics and Research Governance Committee as it involved anonymous survey research on tourism perceptions with minimal risk to participants. No personally identifiable information was collected, and participation was voluntary.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. Prior to completing the electronic questionnaire, all participants were presented with a detailed information sheet explaining the research purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their rights as participants.