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Authors
Wang, Li-Yuan
Kong, Jia-Yue
Yao, Chun-Liang
Wang, Miao-Miao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hebei Education Department (BJ2025264)
Hebei Human Resources and Social Security Research Cooperation Project (JRSHZ-2024-01017)
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Article History
Received: 7 May 2024
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All participants provided written informed consent before taking part in the study. They were clearly informed that their participation was entirely voluntary and that they could withdraw from the survey at any point without facing any negative consequences. Instructions were given to ensure participants understood how to complete the questionnaire. Participants were also assured that their responses would remain confidential and that all information collected would be used solely for academic research purposes.
: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hebei University of Economics and Business. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional guidelines and the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to participation, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All data collected were used for academic research purposes only.
