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Authors
Xu, Chuanzheng
Ye, Jing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Young Scientists Fund of the Ministry of Education, China (24YJC840042)
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Article History
Received: 27 January 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 13 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS) received ethical approval from the Academic Committee of the School of Population and Health at Renmin University of China (Approval No.: L20250106). The project launched its first wave of the survey in 2014, and this paper utilizes data from its fourth wave, the 2020 nationally representative survey. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
