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Article History

Received: 15 September 2025

Accepted: 12 November 2025

First Online: 23 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (Approval No. (2023)CDYFYYLK(11-018)) and conducted under the framework of the Tumor Genome Mapping Project (approved on May 1, 2022). All procedures were performed in accordance with institutional and national regulations for the care and use of laboratory animals.Prior to subcutaneous injection, mice were anesthetized with isoflurane to minimize pain and distress. At the end of the experiment, euthanasia was performed using carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) inhalation in accordance with internationally accepted guidelines for the humane treatment of laboratory animals.This study adhered strictly to the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) to minimize animal usage and suffering.All procedures involving animals were performed in strict accordance with institutional, national, and internationally accepted standards for the ethical treatment of experimental animals.This study is reported in accordance with the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In vivo Experiments) guidelines ( ) to ensure rigorous and transparent reporting of animal research.Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the human studies. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent for publication of the data and any accompanying images was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.