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Enhanced PID controller tuning for nonlinear continuous stirred-tank heaters using a modified Newton-Raphson optimizer with random opposition and Lévy-flight learning

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28802-z

Published Online: 2025-11-24

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

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