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Article History

Received: 30 January 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 29 December 2025

Declarations

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: Yuto Hashimoto, Hana Yoshida, Hironori Takahashi, Takuya Takayama, Shoma Tsuchiya, and Daizo Matsumoto declare that they have no competing interest. Satoru Inoda declares lecturer’s fees from Kowa, Novartis, Senju, Chugai, and DeepEyeVision, Inc., and grants from Novartis, Santen, HOYA, and Chugai outside this work. Hidenori Takahashi was a founder of DeepEyeVision, Inc., and declares patents outside this work, financial support from Kyowakirin, Novartis, Linical, and Bayer outside this work, consultant fee from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, lecturer’s fees from Santen, Kowa, Senju, Novartis, HOYA, Chugai, Viatoris, MSD, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Nikon, and Bayer outside this work, and grants from Senju, Novartis and Bayer outside this work. Hidetoshi Kawashima declares lecturer’s fees from Otsuka, Senju, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Kowa, Santen, Novartis and Zeiss outside this work and grants from Senju, Linical, DeepEyeVision, HOYA, Santen, Heiwa-Iyou, and Bayer outside this work. Toshikatsu Kaburaki declares lecturer’s fees from Santen, Novartis, Eizai, AbbVie, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Kowa, Wakamoto, Senju, Ono, Ohtsuka, Daiichisankyo, Chugai, HOYA, and Alcon outside this work. Yasuo Yanagi declares grants from Santen and Novartis outside this work.