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Article History

Received: 2 May 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 25 November 2025

Declarations

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: NV sits on the MRC Panel for Non-Clinical Training and Career Development. NV is a Peer Reviewer of statistical analyses for Diabetes UK Project Grants. NV is Co-opted member of the Wellcome Trust’s Data Sciences, Tools and Technology Discovery Advisory Group for the Career Development Awards (CDA) and Discovery Awards.

: The CGM data used in this research originated from a secondary analysis of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) participants who were recruited as part of the EXTOD education study. The EXTOD study was sponsored by Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust (reference 2511). The EXTOD study and all experimental protocols were approved by the institutional licensing committee and research ethics committee (REC) of West Midlands – Coventry and Warwickshire, (Reference: 16/WM/0034). The study was included within National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Portfolio ID: 30478. All experiments were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The dataset is not currently publicly available. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The trial was managed by the Leicester Clinical Trials Unit (LCTU) at the University of Leicester. This research was designed in accordance with the University of Exeter’s ethics committee and Internal Review Board (IRB) guidelines.

: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. One of the exclusion criteria was that if subjects had inability to give informed consent, they were excluded from the study. Prior to giving consent, participants were provided time to discuss the patient information with family, friends, their GP or the research nurse. Written consent was obtained by a suitably qualified research nurse designated by the Chief Investigator (CI). This research was completed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.