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Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 17 November 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All authors confirm their consent to publish this manuscript in the journal. The work described has not been published previously, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript, agree to its submission to the journal, and confirm that all participants involved in the study (if applicable) have provided written consent for the publication of any potentially identifiable data or results included in this work. In this study, the image data involved in Figs. 9 and 10 do not contain the face information of participants directly involved in this research, nor do they use image data with faces from public databases. All image data are used for the performance demonstration of the scene parsing model, and there is no situation involving human experiments or the use of human tissue samples. Therefore, there are no relevant ethical issues

: We confirm that all methods used in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. We hereby declare that all experimental protocols in this study have been approved by the Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Science Research Project, the National Computer Basic Education Research Project in Higher Education Institutions, and the Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province. We explained the purpose, process, risks and benefits of the study by oral or written form and obtained their informed consent. Participants had the right to know that their participation was voluntary and could withdraw from the study at any time.