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Authors
Li, Yue
Li, Tiantian
Bai, Yue
Ismail, Nor Atiah
Chen, Jinjin
Wei, Taoyu
Salarzadeh Jenatabadi, Hashem
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Social Science Planning Research Project of Shandong Province (22DWYJ20)
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Article History
Received: 3 March 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
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: The survey was conducted with the Ethics Committee for Research involving Human Subjects, Universiti Putra Malaysia approval. The research techniques were conducted in compliance with the applicable standards and regulations. Study participants were verbally informed of the goal, objectives, and their rights to participate, deny participation, or withdraw from the research activities. Respondents have been informed that the provided information is private and confidential, intended solely for academic reasons. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
