Lin, Shanny https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1934-1588
Zhu, Hanqing
Clayton, Steven
Morris, C. L.
Pan, David Z.
Tang, Zhaowen
Chen, Ray T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9181-4266
Wang, Zhehui https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7826-4063
Funding for this research was provided by:
Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (FA9550-17-1-0071)
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-23-1-0452)
U.S. Department of Energy (89233218CNA000001)
Article History
Received: 22 September 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: Questions regarding OSENN should be addressed to R.T.C.; other questions should be addressed to Z.W.