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Authors
Msoka, Elizabeth F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2352-3520
Mulder, Bob C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0357-1370
Bright, Frank B. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8290-3493
Moshi, Baraka
Beavers, Autumn
Mitao, Modesta
Masenga, Gileard G.
Gebremariam, Alem
Kantelhardt, Eva J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-719X
Joffe, Maureen
Mmbaga, Blandina T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-1916
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Article History
Received: 14 February 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of University Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College (KCMUCo) ethical review board (ref: 2425/Prop No. 1179, 2024), the National Review Board (ref: NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol./IX/3773,2024) and the President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government of Tanzania (PO-RALG-ref: AB.307/223/01 dated 27 November 2024).
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study, with assurances of their right to withdraw at any time, anonymity and data confidentiality were maintained. No identifiable participant information was included in the manuscript.
: The authors affirm that the research participants provided informed consent with respect to publishing their data.
