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Article History

Received: 10 April 2025

Accepted: 18 November 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was performed from November 2019 to August 2020 after being approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ruhr-University Bochum (November 2019; registration number 19–6713). This clinical trial was retrospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS00027061 on 11/19/2021. Prior to participation, all subjects signed informed consent forms.All animal procedures were performed according to the protocol approved by the Bar-Ilan University ethics committee (ethics approval number BIU-IL-2205–146-3).

: Not applicable.

: U. O.-J. is an employee of BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany. S.-O. H. is an employee of BASF A/S, Oslo, Norway. A. H. and R. G. have filed a patent on the supportive immunomodulatory effect of C3-C8 aliphatic fatty acids. A. H. and H. P. have filed a patent on the prophylactic and/or supportive therapeutic treatment of PD. The other authors declare no competing interests.