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Authors
Huang, Yan
Liu, Chunjuan
Pu, Hongshan
Hao, Liqun
Qian, Weiwei
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2025
Accepted: 19 November 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study used anonymized, publicly available CHARLS data, which were collected with prior ethical approval (Peking University, IRB00001052-11015). No additional ethics approval was required for this secondary analysis.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
