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Article History

Received: 20 August 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 16 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Authors J.H.S and N.Y.G are employed by the company Optipharm Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

: All experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Korea Institute of Toxicology. The TKO/hGE experiment was approved under protocol number IAC-23-01-0627-0344. Approvals for the NC group ( n  = 3) were obtained under protocol numbers IAC-24-01-0031-0015, IAC-24-10-0131-0091, and IAC-23-01-0341-0333. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments). The authors confirm that all experiments were performed in compliance with relevant guidelines and regulations.