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Authors
Odish, Mazen F.
Gage, Hunter
Lam, Michael T. Y.
Hepokoski, Mark
Pollema, Travis
Tong, Khang
Liu, Lin
Malhotra, Atul
Owens, Robert L.
Meier, Angela
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIH (1K23HL181397)
NIH (1F30AI194733)
NIH (R01DK1637564)
NIH (5R01AI176554)
VA Merit (BX006238)
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 3 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors have no competing interests to disclose. Dr. Malhotra is funded by NIH. He reports income from Livanvoa, Powell Mansfield, Zoll, Eli Lilly and Sunrise. He is co-founder of Clairyon, a small startup related to predictive analytics in sepsis. Resmed gave a philanthropic donation to UCSD.
: IRB approval by the University of California, San Diego, Human Research Protections Program (#191464).
