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Article History

Received: 26 June 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by Mahidol University Central Institutional Review Board (MU-CIRB). The approval number was MU-CIRB 2024/440.0111. This study was conducted in full accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national guidelines. The requirement for informed consent was formally waived by the MU-CIRB as the research was based on a retrospective analysis of anonymized and aggregated secondary data with no personal identifiers.

: During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used AI in order to improve clarity and language in the manuscript, as well as for debugging and refining R code used for data analysis and visualization. After using these tools/services, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.