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Authors
Li, Min
Jiang, Yinping
Cao, Ge
Xu, Tao
Guo, Ruiqiang
- License Information
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Article History
Received: 6 July 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 30 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study does not involve any human participants, personal data, or clinical interventions requiring ethical approval. The research is based entirely on publicly available dermoscopic image datasets (ISIC 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2024), which are anonymized and open-access, and thus exempt from institutional review board (IRB) approval.
: Not applicable. This study does not involve any individual person’s data in any form, including images, videos, or personal identifiers, that would require consent for publication.
